Corrosion inhibiting composition

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to novel corrosion inhibitors which are capable of sequestering metal ions such as calcium and magnesium and are derived in part from renewable carbohydrate feedstocks. The corrosion inhibitors are mixtures containing one or more hydroxycarboxylic acid salts and one or more suitable oxoacid anion salts.

RELATED APPLICATION INFORMATION

This application claims priority to US Provisional Application No.61/412,706 filed on Nov. 11, 2010, the contents of which are hereinincorporated by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention describes novel corrosion inhibitors which are capable ofsequestering metal ions such as calcium and magnesium and are derived inpart from renewable carbohydrate feedstocks. The corrosion inhibitorsare mixtures containing one or more hydroxycarboxylic acid salts and oneor more suitable oxoacid anion salts. The hydroxycarboxylic acid saltscan be readily produced from carbohydrate and other polyol feedstocksthrough chemical or biological oxidation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Hydroxycarboxylic acids and hydroxycarboxylic acid salts are wellrecognized as corrosion inhibitors particularly effective in inhibitingmetal corrosion when the metal is in contact with water or an aqueoussolution. U.S. Pat. No. 2,529,178 to Nieland et al. taught that thesehydroxycarboxylic acids, or salts thereof, may contain a singlecarboxylic acid function, as in the case of gluconic acid (U.S. Pat. No.2,529,178), or more than one carboxylic acid functions as in the case oftartaric acid, a hydroxydicarboxylic acid, or citric acid, a hydroxytricarboxylic acid (U.S. Pat. No. 2,529,177). Nieland et al. also taughtthat hydroxycarboxylic acids, or salts thereof, with more than onecarboxylic acid functions, such as tartaric acid (U.S. Pat. 2,529,177),generally exhibit better corrosion inhibition properties than docomparable hydroxymonocarboxylic acids, such as gluconic acid (U.S. Pat.No. 2,529,178).

Hydroxycarboxylic acids have also been shown to inhibit metal corrosionin aqueous salt brine such as sea water (Mor, 1971; Mor, 1976; andWrubl, 1984) or formulated brine solutions (Kuczynski, 1979; Korzh,1981; Sukhotin, 1982; and Abdallah, 1999), and some are employed forspecific applications, such as in industrial cooling systems (Sukhotin,1982).

In addition, hydroxycarboxylic acids and hydroxycarboxylic acid saltshave been described as chelating agents capable of sequestering metalions in solution (Mehltretter, 1953; Abbadi, 1999). Hydroxycarboxylicacid salts as sequestering agents for metal ions such as calcium andmagnesium, in general perform poorly compared to common sequesteringagents such as sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP), ethylenediaminetriacetate(EDTA), or nitrilotriacetate (NTA). In spite of low sequesteringcapacity, hydroxycarboxylic acid salts are of interest because they aretypically biodegradable, non-toxic, and derived from renewable resourcessuch as carbohydrates. Therefore, the use hydroxycarboxylic acid saltsas replacement sequestering agents for STPP and EDTA is advantageous,especially in applications where the compounds may be discharged intothe environment.

Many chemical compounds that have traditionally been used as corrosioninhibitors and metal sequestering agents are phosphorus based. Throughenvironmental regulations, the use of phosphorus compounds inapplications where the material is discharged into surface watercontinues to be restricted. These regulations have created a need forenvironmentally acceptable materials for use as corrosion inhibitingagents for a variety of applications. One area of specific need centersaround corrosion inhibiting agents which are also capable ofsequestering metal ions, specifically metal ions like calcium andmagnesium commonly found in tap water or fresh ground water and whichcan lead to scale formation. In particular, agents capable of bothpreventing corrosion and inhibiting scale would be useful as builders indetergents or as additives to process water used in industrial coolingtowers and boiler systems.

One application in which corrosion inhibitors which act as sequesteringagents are useful is in detergent formulations. Detergents are cleaningmixtures composed primarily of surfactants, builders, bleaching-agents,enzymes, and fillers. Two of the major components are surfactants andbuilders. The surfactants are responsible for emulsification of oil andgrease while builders are added to extend or improve the cleaningproperties of the surfactant. The builder can be a single substance or amixture of substances and commonly serve multiple functions. Animportant builder function is the sequestration of metal cations,typically calcium and magnesium cations in hard water. The builders actas water softening agents by sequestering calcium and magnesium cationsand preventing the formation of water insoluble salts between the metalsand surfactants (soap scum). In the case of laundry detergents, buildersalso help prevent the cations from binding to cotton, a major cause ofsoil retention on cotton fabrics. Other functions of builders includeincreasing alkalinity of detergent solutions, deflocculating surfactantmicelles, and inhibiting corrosion.

The first builders used in commercial detergents were phosphate saltsand phosphate salt derivatives. Sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) was, atone time, the most common builder in both consumer and industrialdetergents. Phosphate builders are also touted as corrosion inhibitorsfor the metal surfaces of washing machines and dishwashers. Phosphateshave been gradually phased out of detergents over the past 40 yearsprimarily due to environmental concerns regarding discharge of phosphaterich waste water into surface waters giving rise to eutrophication andultimately hypoxia (Lowe, 1978). High performance replacements forphosphates in detergents are still sought after.

A second application area for corrosion inhibitors which serve assequestering agents is in the treatment of process water used inindustrial and institutional cooling tower and boiler systems. Two ofthe primary problems associated with cooling tower and boiler systemsare corrosion and build-up of hard water scale on metal surfaces.Corrosion shortens the life of the system equipment while scalingdecreases the efficiency of heat flow across the metal surfaces.Historically, phosphates and phosphonates have been used in watertreatment as corrosion and scale inhibitors. As with phosphate detergentbuilders, there is a desire to replace phosphorus-based chemicals usedin water treatment. Accordingly, a need exists to have a corrosioninhibitor which also serves as a sequestering agent, and which does notincorporate phosphates or chemicals that have been deemed harmful to theenvironment.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a corrosion inhibiting composition formetal comprising a mixture of at least one salt of a hydroxycarboxylicacid and at least one salt of a suitable oxoacid anion. The at least onesalt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid is generally a salt of glucaric acid, asalt of xylaric acid, a salt of galactaric acid or combinations thereof.Specifically, the at least one salt of a glucaric acid may includedisodium glucarate, sodium potassium glucarate, dipotassium glucarate,zinc glucarate or combinations thereof. In addition, the composition maycomprise from about 50% to about 99% by weight of the at least one saltof a hydroxycarboxylic acid and from about 1% to about 50% by weight ofat least one salt of an oxoacid anion. The composition may also includefrom about 70% to about 90% by weight of the at least one salt of ahydroxycarboxylic acid and from about 10% to about 30% by weight of atleast one salt of an oxoacid anion. The composition may additionallyinclude from about 75% to about 85% by weight of the at least one saltof a hydroxycarboxylic acid and from about 15% to about 25% by weight ofat least one salt of a suitable oxoacid anion.

The at least one salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid may includecombinations of two or more carboxylate salt components. One of thecarboxylate salt components may include glucarates, such as, disodiumglucarate, sodium potassium glucarate, dipotassium glucarate, diammoniumglucarate, and zinc glucarate. The glucarate salt component may includefrom about 30% to about 70% by weight of the entire composition.Further, the glucarate salt component may include from about 40% toabout 60% by weight of the entire composition.

Additionally, one of the carboxylate salt components of the at least onesalt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid may include xylarates, such as sodiumxylarate, disodium xylarate, sodium potassium xylarate, dipotassiumxylarate, diammonium xylarate, and zinc xylarate. The xylarate saltcomponent may include from about 30% to about 70% by weight of theentire composition. Further, the xylarate salt component may includefrom about 40% to about 60% by weight of the entire composition.

Further, one of the carboxylate salt components of the at least one saltof a hydroxycarboxylic acid may include galactarates, such as sodiumgalactarate, disodium galactarate, sodium potassium galactarate,dipotassium galactarate, diammonium galactarate, and zinc galactarate.The galactarate salt component may include from about 30% to about 70%by weight of the entire composition. Further, the galactarate componentmay include from about 40% to about 60% by weight of the entirecomposition.

With respect to the at least one salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid, thecomposition can comprises about 30% to about 75% by weight of the atleast one glucarate salt, about 0% to about 20% by weight of the atleast one gluconate salt, about 0% to about 10% by weight of the atleast one 5-keto-gluconate salt, about 0% to about 10% by weight of theat least one tartrate salt, about 0% to 10% by weight of the at leastone tartronate salt, and about 0% to 10% by weight of the at least oneglycolate salt. Alternatively, the composition can comprise about 40% toabout 60% by weight of the at least one glucarate salt, about 5% toabout 15% by weight of the at least one gluconate salt, about 3% toabout 9% by weight of the at least one 5-keto-gluconate salt, about 5%to about 10% by weight of the at least one tartrate salt about 5% to 10%by weight of the at least one tartronate salt, and about 1% to 5% byweight of the at least one glycolate salt. In still yet anotheralternative, the composition can comprise about 45% to about 55% byweight of the at least one glucarate salt, about 10% to about 15% byweight of the at least one gluconate salt, about 4% to about 6% byweight of the at least one 5-keto-gluconate salt, about 5% to about 7%by weight of the at least one tartrate salt, about 5% to 7% by weight ofthe at least one tartronate salt, and about 3% to 5% by weight of the atleast one glycolate salt. In still yet another alternative, thecomposition can comprise about 50% by weight of the at least oneglucarate salt, about 15% by weight of the at least one gluconate salt,about 4% by weight of the at least one 5-keto-gluconate salt, about 6%by weight of the at least one tartrate salt, about 6% by weight of theat least one tartronate salt, and about 5% by weight of the at least oneglycolate salt.

In an alternative embodiment, the current invention comprises acorrosion inhibiting composition for metal comprising a mixture of fromabout 75% to about 85% by weight of at least one salt of ahydroxycarboxylic acid and from about 15% to about 25% of at least onesalt of a suitable oxoacid anion. The at least one salt of ahydroxycarboxylic acid may include from about 40% to about 60% by weightof a salt of glucaric acid. Additionally, the salt of glucaric acid mayinclude, disodium glucarate, sodium potassium glucarate, dipotassiumglucarate, diammonium glucarate, zinc glucarate, and combinationsthereof.

Moreover, the at least one salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid mayalternatively include from about 30% to about 70% by weight of a salt ofxylaric acid. The salt of xylaric acid may include, disodium xylarate,sodium potassium xylarate, dipotassium xylarate, diammonium xylarate,zinc xylarate, and combinations thereof.

Further, the at least one salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid may includefrom about 30% to about 70% by weight of a salt of galactaric acid. Thesalt of galactaric acid may include, disodium glucarate, sodiumpotassium glucarate, dipotassium glucarate, zinc glucarate, diammoniumgalactarate, and combinations thereof.

In addition, the at least one salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid used inthe composition can comprise a mixture of about 30% to about 75% byweight of the at least one glucarate salt, about 0% to about 20% byweight of the at least one gluconate salt, about 0% to about 10% byweight of the at least one 5-keto-gluconate salt, about 0% to about 10%by weight of the at least one tartrate salt, about 0% to 10% by weightof the at least one tartronate salt, and about 0% to 10% by weight ofthe at least one glycolate salt. Alternatively, the at least one salt ofa hydroxycarboxylic acid used in the composition can comprise a mixtureof about 40% to about 60% by weight of the at least one glucarate salt,about 5% to about 15% by weight of the at least one gluconate salt,about 3% to about 9% by weight of the at least one 5-keto-gluconatesalt, about 5% to about 10% by weight of the at least one tartrate saltabout 5% to 10% by weight of the at least one tartronate salt, and about1% to 5% by weight of the at least one glycolate salt. In still yetanother alternative, the at least one salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acidused in the composition can comprise a mixture of about 45% to about 55%by weight of the at least one glucarate salt, about 10% to about 15% byweight of the at least one gluconate salt, about 4% to about 6% byweight of the at least one 5-keto-gluconate salt, about 5% to about 7%by weight of the at least one tartrate salt, about 5% to 7% by weight ofthe at least one tartronate salt, and about 3% to 5% by weight of the atleast one glycolate salt. In still yet another alternative, the at leastone salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid can comprise a mixture of about 50%by weight of the at least one glucarate salt, about 15% by weight of theat least one gluconate salt, about 4% by weight of the at least one5-keto-gluconate salt, about 6% by weight of the at least one tartratesalt, about 6% by weight of the at least one tartronate salt, and about5% by weight of the at least one glycolate salt.

Suitable salts of oxoacid anions include sodium and potassium salts ofborate, aluminate, stannate, germanate, molybdate, antimonate andcombinations thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

This invention describes novel corrosion inhibitors comprising mixturesof hydroxycarboxylic acid salts and suitable salts of oxoacid anions.Hydroxycarboxylic acids are compounds which contain one or more hydroxylgroups as well as one or more carboxylic acid functionalities. Thehydroxyl groups of these compounds are capable of forming esters whencombined with suitable salts of oxoacid anions in water. In addition,these oxoacid anion esters of hydroxycarboxylic acids have been shown toform stable, water soluble complexes with metal ions such as calcium andmagnesium, as opposed to hydroxycarboxylic acids alone which typicallyform water insoluble salts with many metal ions. Thus, the combinationof corrosion inhibiting properties and metal sequestering properties ofthe current invention make mixtures of oxoacid anion salts andhydroxycarboxylic acid salts attractive for use as scale inhibitors anddetergent builders.

As used herein, the term “hydroxycarboxylic acid” can generally beconsidered any oxidation derivative of carbohydrates or other polyols.The term polyol is generally defined as any organic compound with two ormore alcohol hydroxyl groups. Suitable carbohydrates or polyols foroxidation include: simple aldoses and ketoses such as glucose, xylose orfructose; simple polyols such as glycerol, sorbitol or mannitol;reducing disaccharides such as maltose, lactose, or cellobiose; reducingoligosaccharides such as maltotriose, maltotetrose, or maltotetralose;nonreducing carbohydrates such as sucrose, trehalose and stachyose;mixtures of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides (that may includedisaccharides); glucose syrups with different dextrose equivalentvalues; polysaccharides such as, but not limited to, starch, cellulose,arabinogalactans, xylans, mannans, fructans, hemicelluloses; mixtures ofcarbohydrates and other polyols that include one or more of thecarbohydrates or polyols listed above. One skilled in the art willappreciate that compounds with two or more carboxylic acid groups tendto perform better as corrosion inhibitors than those containing only onecarboxylic acid group. Specific examples of hydroxycarboxylic acids thatmay be used in the current invention include, but are not limited toglucaric acid, xylaric acid, galactaric acid, gluconic acid, tartaricacid, tartronic acid, glycolic acid, glyceric acid, and combinationsthereof. In one embodiment, the hydroxycarboxylic acid includes glucaricacid, xylaric acid, and galactaric acid. Additionally, one skilled inthe art will appreciate that the hydroxycarboxylic acids of the currentinvention encompasses all conceivable stereoisomers, includingdiastereomers and enantiomers, in substantially pure form as well as inany mixing ratio, including the racemates of the hydroxycarboxylicacids.

In general, the compositions of the current invention comprise fromabout 1% to about 99% by weight of the at least one salt of ahydroxycarboxylic acid and from about 1% to about 99% by weight of atleast one salt of a suitable oxoacid anion. In one embodiment, thecomposition includes from about 50% to about 99% by weight of the atleast one salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid and from about 1% to about99% by weight of the at least one salt of an oxoacid anion. In a furtherembodiment, the composition includes from about 60% to about 95% byweight of the at least one salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid and fromabout 5% to about 40% by weight of the at least one salt of an oxoacidanion. In still another embodiment, the composition includes from about70% to about 90% by weight of the at least one salt of ahydroxycarboxylic acid and from about 10% to about 30% by weight of theat least one salt of an oxoacid anion. In an additional embodiment, thecomposition includes from about 75% to about 85% by weight of the atleast one salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid and from about 15% to about25% by weight of the at least one salt of an oxoacid anion. In yetanother embodiment, the composition comprises about 80% by weight of theat least one salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid and about 20% by weight ofthe at least one salt of an oxoacid anion. It should be noted that theconcentrations stated herein refer to the cumulative concentration ofall carboxylate salts comprising the at least one salt of ahydroxycarboxylic acid component, and that a single carboxylate salt(wherein the hydroxycarboxylate salt component comprises two or morecarboxylate salts) may comprise less than the stated concentration.

The corrosion inhibiting compositions of the current invention comprisethe salt form of the hydroxycarboxylic acids discussed herein. One ofskill in the art will appreciate that salts are generally the compoundsthat arise from the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base. Anyoxidation derivative of a carbohydrate or other polyol may beincorporated in its salt form into the current invention. Non-limitingexamples of hydroxycarboxylic acid salts include disodium glucarate,sodium potassium glucarate, dipotassium glucarate, dilithium glucarate,lithium sodium glucarate, lithium potassium glucarate, zinc glucarate,diammonium glucarate, disodium xylarate, sodium potassium xylarate,dipotassium xylarate, dilithium xylarate, lithium sodium xylarate,lithium potassium xylarate, zinc xylarate, ammonium xylarate sodiumgluconate, potassium gluconate, lithium gluconate, zinc gluconate,ammonium gluconate, disodium galactarate, sodium potassium galactarate,dipotassium galactarate, dilithium galactarate, lithium sodiumgalactarate, lithium potassium galactarate, zinc galactarate, diammoniumgalactarate, disodium tartrate, sodium potassium tartrate, dipotassiumtartrate, dilithium tartrate, lithium sodium tartrate, lithium potassiumtartrate, zinc tartrate, diammonium tartrate, disodium tartronate,sodium potassium tartronate, dipotassium tartronate, dilithiumtartronate, lithium sodium tartronate, lithium potassium tartronate,zinc tartronate, diammonium tartronate, sodium glycolate, potassiumglycolate, lithium glycolate, zinc glycolate, ammonium glycolate, sodiumglycerate, potassium glycerate, lithium glycerate, zinc glycerate,ammonium glycerate, and combinations thereof. In another embodiment, thehydroxycarboxylic acid may include, but is not limited to, disodiumglucarate, sodium potassium glucarate, dipotassium glucarate, zincglucarate, disodium xylarate, sodium potassium xylarate, dipotassiumxylarate, zinc xylarate, disodium galactarate, sodium potassiumgalactarate, dipotassium galactarate, zinc galactarate, diammoniumxylarate, and combinations thereof.

In one aspect, with respect to the at least one salt of ahydroxycarboxylic acid, the corrosion inhibiting compositions of thepresent invention comprise about 30% to about 75% by weight of the atleast one glucarate salt, about 0% to about 20% by weight of the atleast one gluconate salt, about 0% to about 10% by weight of the atleast one 5-keto-gluconate salt, about 0% to about 10% by weight of theat least one tartrate salt, about 0% to 10% by weight of the at leastone tartronate salt, and about 0% to 10% by weight of the at least oneglycolate salt. Alternatively, the composition comprises about 40% toabout 60% by weight of the at least one glucarate salt, about 5% toabout 15% by weight of the at least one gluconate salt, about 3% toabout 9% by weight of the at least one 5-keto-gluconate salt, about 5%to about 10% by weight of the at least one tartrate salt about 5% to 10%by weight of the at least one tartronate salt, and about 1% to 5% byweight of the at least one glycolate salt. In still yet anotheralternative, the composition comprises about 45% to about 55% by weightof the at least one glucarate salt, about 10% to about 15% by weight ofthe at least one gluconate salt, about 4% to about 6% by weight of theat least one 5-keto-gluconate salt, about 5% to about 7% by weight ofthe at least one tartrate salt, about 5% to 7% by weight of the at leastone tartronate salt, and about 3% to 5% by weight of the at least oneglycolate salt. In still yet another alternative, the compositioncomprises about 50% by weight of the at least one glucarate salt, about15% by weight of the at least one gluconate salt, about 4% by weight ofthe at least one 5-keto-gluconate salt, about 6% by weight of the atleast one tartrate salt, about 6% by weight of the at least onetartronate salt, and about 5% by weight of the at least one glycolatesalt.

In another aspect, the at least one salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid inthe corrosion inhibiting composition comprises a mixture of about 30% toabout 75% by weight of the at least one glucarate salt, about 0% toabout 20% by weight of the at least one gluconate salt, about 0% toabout 10% by weight of the at least one 5-keto-gluconate salt, about 0%to about 10% by weight of the at least one tartrate salt, about 0% to10% by weight of the at least one tartronate salt, and about 0% to 10%by weight of the at least one glycolate salt. Alternatively, the atleast one salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid comprises a mixture of about40% to about 60% by weight of the at least one glucarate salt, about 5%to about 15% by weight of the at least one gluconate salt, about 3% toabout 9% by weight of the at least one 5-keto-gluconate salt, about 5%to about 10% by weight of the at least one tartrate salt about 5% to 10%by weight of the at least one tartronate salt, and about 1% to 5% byweight of the at least one glycolate salt. In still yet anotheralternative, the at least one salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid comprisesa mixture of about 45% to about 55% by weight of the at least oneglucarate salt, about 10% to about 15% by weight of the at least onegluconate salt, about 4% to about 6% by weight of the at least one5-keto-gluconate salt, about 5% to about 7% by weight of the at leastone tartrate salt, about 5% to 7% by weight of the at least onetartronate salt, and about 3% to 5% by weight of the at least oneglycolate salt. In still yet another alternative, In still yet anotheralternative, the at least one salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid comprisesa mixture of about 50% by weight of the at least one glucarate salt,about 15% by weight of the at least one gluconate salt, about 4% byweight of the at least one 5-keto-gluconate salt, about 6% by weight ofthe at least one tartrate salt, about 6% by weight of the at least onetartronate salt, and about 5% by weight of the at least one glycolatesalt.

The hydroxycarboxylic acids of the current invention may be producedaccording to any methods currently known in the art. The currentlyemployed commercial methods of preparation of the commonhydroxycarboxylic acids or salts thereof are principally biologicallyinduced transformations or fermentations, as for example in theproduction of tartaric acid (U.S. Pat. No. 2,314,831), gluconic acid(U.S. Pat. No. 5,017,485), and citric acid (U.S. Pat. No. 3,652,396).Chemical methods for oxidation also exist, although they are not asprevalent in commercial production. Some chemical oxidation methodssuitable for polyol feedstocks include oxidation with oxygen over metalcatalysts (U.S. Pat. No. 2,472,168) and oxidation with chlorine orbromine with an aminoxyl radical such as TEMPO (U.S. Pat. No.6,498,269). Additional methods employ nitric acid as the oxidizing agentin aqueous solution and have been described (Kiely, U.S. Pat. No.7,692,041). The skilled artisan will appreciate that any of the methodsdescribed herein, as well as any combination of the methods may be usedto obtain the hydroxycarboxylic acid.

The oxidation of a variety of feedstocks, including glucose willgenerally produce a mixture of oxidation products that includes gluconicacid, glucaric acid, tartaric acid, tartronic acid, and glycolic acids,all of which are hydroxycarboxylic acids, and within the scope of thecurrent invention. It was surprisingly found that the combination of thesalts of the hydroxycarboxylic acids discussed herein with a salt ofboric acid provided corrosion inhibition properties similar to the useof the combination of hydroxycarboxylic acid salts alone. The use ofhydroxycarboxylic acids as a potential corrosion inhibitor has beenpreviously discussed (see U.S. Published Patent Application2009/0250653); however, combining the hydroxycarboxylic acid salts withan oxoacid anion, such as borate has not previously been contemplated,due to the fact that oxoacid anions, such as borate, are potentiallycorrosive to metals, as evidenced by the corrosion tests performed inExample 3 and 4. Specifically, the product mixture of multiple (or amixture of) hydroxycarboxylic acid salts with borate performedcomparable to pure glucarate with borate (see Example 1, Table 1). Evenmore surprising was that the oxidation product with borate performedcomparable to the oxidation product without borate or pure glucaratewithout borate. These findings were unexpected since borate itself ismore corrosive than water and since the overall concentration of thehydroxycarboxylic acid salts is less in the test solution when combinedwith borate than when tested alone (in both cases the totalconcentration of the inhibitor in the test solution was 0.09%).

The current invention also provides improved efficiencies due to thefact that a portion of the glucaric acid salt may be removed from themixture of hydroxycarboxylic acid salts without comprising the efficacyas a corrosion inhibitor. One of skill in the art will appreciate thatthe ability to remove glucarate will improve the cost-effectiveness ofthe product, and allow for greater efficiencies in the manufacturingprocess.

The compositions of the current invention, including the mixtures withmultiple hydroxycarboxylic acid salts, were also evaluated as asequestering agent for calcium (see Example 9, Table 4). As seen withpure glucarate salts, the mixture alone proved to be a poor sequesteringagent. However, in conjunction with borate salts, the sequesteringability significantly improved. Accordingly, the compositions of thecurrent invention provide both corrosion inhibition, as well as metalsequestering properties.

The compounds and processes of the invention will be better understoodby reference to the following examples, which are intended as anillustration of and not a limitation upon the scope of the invention.Each example illustrates at least one method of preparing variousintermediate compounds and further illustrates each intermediateutilized in the overall process. These are certain preferredembodiments, which are not intended to limit the present invention'sscope. On the contrary, the present invention covers all alternatives,modifications, and equivalents as can be included within the scope ofthe claims and routine experimentation.

EXAMPLE I Preparation of Corrosion Inhibitor Test Solutions

Corrosion tests were carried out using steel coupons immersed in testsolutions as described below. Test solutions were prepared withdeionized water. For inhibited test solutions, the corrosion inhibitorwas added to give a 0.09% concentration based on dry weight. Solutionscontaining hydroxycarboxylic acid salt/oxoacid anion salt corrosioninhibitors were prepared at different weight ratios of the appropriateoxoacid anion salt to hydroxycarboxylic acid salt.

EXAMPLE 2 Corrosion Test Methods

Compounds and compound mixtures were evaluated as corrosion inhibitorsin aqueous solutions using a modified version of the NationalAssociation of Corrosion Engineers (NACE) Standard TM0169-95 laboratoryimmersion test. Distilled water was used to prepare each solution and asa control standard. The effectiveness of each corrosion inhibitormixture was measured in both distilled water and 3% sodium chloride(NaCl) solution. When corrosion inhibition was measured in saltsolution, a 3% solution of NaCl in distilled water (300 g) was used as asalt reference. Each test solution was prepared by dissolving thecorrosion inhibitor (270 mg) in 300 mL of either distilled water or 3%NaCl solution to give a 0.09% inhibitor solution. The pH of theinhibitor test solutions was then made basic (pH 9-10) by the additionof 5% sodium hydroxide.

Stamped and numbered steel TSI coupons which met the ASTM F436 Type 1requirement with a Rockwell hardness of C 38-45 were used in thecorrosion tests. Average coupon dimensions were 3.50 cm outer diameter,1.52 cm inner diameter, and 0.25 cm thickness with a density of 7.85g/cm′, Prior to testing, the coupons were placed in a sealed containeron a rock tumbler with a non-abrasive cleanser for 30 minutes to removesurface grease and impurities, then wiped with acetone to remove anyadditional grease, rinsed with deionized water, and acid etched with an18.5% HCl solution for approximately 3 minutes. The coupons were rinsedwith deionized water, patted dry, placed in chloroform for 15 minutes,and then allowed to air dry in a ventilated hood for 1 hour. Each couponwas weighed to the nearest 0.1 mg at least two times to ensure aconsistent weight. Three cleaned and weighed coupons were attached to aplastic bar suspended in a stoppered 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask by a thinline through a hole in the stopper. A timed device raised and loweredthe test coupons so they were immersed in the test solution for 10minutes of each hour for a 72 hour period. Tests were conducted at roomtemperature.

After the 72 hour test period, the coupons were removed from solution,rinsed under tap water, and vigorously rubbed to remove any surfacecorrosion material. The coupons were then placed in a cleaning solutionof concentrated hydrochloric acid containing 5% stannous chloride and 2%antimony chloride. After 15 minutes, the coupons were removed from theacid solution, rinsed vigorously under tap water, and returned to thecleaning solution for an additional 15 minutes. The coupons were againremoved from the acid solution, rinsed under tap water, rinsed underdeionized water, patted dry, and placed in a vessel containingchloroform for 10 minutes. The coupons were removed from the chloroformand allowed to air dry under a ventilated hood for 1 hour before beingweighed to the nearest 0.1 mg. Each coupon was weighed twice, and theweights were averaged. Corrosion rate in mils per year (MPY) wascalculated from the measured weight loss of each coupon using thefollowing equation:

${MPY} = \frac{{weight}\mspace{14mu} {loss}\mspace{14mu} {({mg}) \cdot 534}}{{area}\mspace{14mu} {\left( {cm}^{2} \right) \cdot {time}}\mspace{14mu} {(h) \cdot {metal}}\mspace{14mu} {density}}$metal density=7.85 g/cm³

time=72 hours

The MPY values of each of three coupons in the test solution wereaveraged to determine the MPY value of the entire test solution. Theaverage corrosion rate for the control solution of distilled H₂O wasalso calculated and was subtracted from the MPY value of each samplesolution to give a corrected MPY value, which is noted as MPY¹.

EXAMPLE 3 Corrosion Inhibition of Mixtures of Hydroxycarboxylic AcidSalts and Oxoacid Anion Salts in Water

The effectiveness of mixtures of hydroxycarboxylic acid salts andoxoacid anion salts were tested in distilled water, and the results werecompared to hydroxycarboxylic acid salts without oxoacid anion salts(Table 1). Corrosion inhibitor test solutions were prepared with boricacid and monopotassium D-glucarate (MKG), and the pH of the testsolutions were made basic with sodium hydroxide. Sodium borate wasprepared by neutralizing boric acid with sodium hydroxide to pH 9. Inall cases, the total concentration of corrosion inhibitor in the testsolution was 0.09%.

TABLE 1 Corrosion Rates (MPY) and Corrected Corrosion Rates(MPY^({grave over ( )}1)) of Corrosion Inhibitors in Distilled WaterCorrosion Inhibitor MPY MPY¹ None (H₂0 control) 1.97 0.000 100% Sodiumborate 2.97 1.00 100% Monopotassium D-glucarate 0.98 −0.99 (MKG) 80%MKG/20% boric acid 1.01 −.096 50% MKG/50% boric acid 2.22 0.25

Sodium borate is not an effective corrosion inhibitor and has a higherMPY corrosion rate than distilled water, thus giving a corrected MPY¹rate greater than zero. Neutralized MKG is an effective corrosioninhibitor with an MPY¹ value less than zero. The surprising result wasthat combinations of glucarate and borate also serve as effectivecorrosion inhibitors giving negative MPY¹ values despite the fact thatthe amount of glucarate in the mixture is less than 100% and that borateis more corrosive than water. In the case of neutralized 80% MKG and 20%boric acid, the corrosion inhibition effectiveness is comparable toneutralized MKG alone.

EXAMPLE 4 Corrosion Inhibition of Mixtures of Hydroxycarboxylic AcidSalts and Oxoacid Anion Salts in 3% Sodium Chloride

The effectiveness of mixtures of hydroxycarboxylic acid salts andoxoacid anion salts were tested in 3% sodium chloride, and the resultswere compared to hydroxycarboxylic acid salts without oxoacid anionsalts (Table 2). Corrosion inhibitor test solutions were prepared withborax (sodium borate), sodium molybdate, sodium aluminate, or mixturesthereof as the oxoacid anion salt component and with monopotassiumD-glucarate (MKG), zinc glucarate, sodium gluconate, xylaric acid, orgalactaric acid as the hydroxycarboxylic acid salt component. In eachcase, the pH of the test solutions were made basic with sodiumhydroxide, and the total concentration of corrosion inhibitor in thetest solution was 0.09%.

TABLE 2 Corrosion Rates (MPY) and Corrected Corrosion Rates (MPY¹) ofCorrosion Inhibitors in 3% Sodium Chloride Solution Corrosion InhibitorMPY MPY¹ H₂0 (control) 3.28 0.000 NaCl (control) 58.04 54.76 100% Sodiumborate 61.54 58.26 100% Monopotassium D-glucarate 24.87 21.59 (MKG) 80%MKG/20% sodium borate 28.99 25.71 80% Zinc glucarate/20% borate 14.6711.39 80% MKG/20% sodium molybdate 24.96 21.68 50% MKG/50% sodiummolybdate 30.75 27.47 64% MKG/16% sodium molybdate/ 25.00 21.72 20%sodium borate 100% Sodium aluminate 30.56 27.28 67% MKG/33% sodiumaluminate 29.29 26.01 100% Sodium gluconate 29.56 26.28 80% Sodiumgluconate/20% sodium 31.82 28.54 borate 100% Xylaric acid 32.33 29.0580% Xylaric acid/20% sodium borate 34.06 30.78 100% Galactaric acid25.92 22.64 80% Galactaric acid/20% sodium borate 28.27 24.99

As seen in Table 2, sodium borate is not an effective corrosioninhibitor in sodium chloride and is actually more corrosive than 3%sodium chloride alone. The mixtures of sodium borate and varioushydroxycarboxylic acid salts all show slightly higher but comparablecorrosion rates as compared to the hydroxycarboxylic acid salts alone.Again, the surprising result was that the mixtures of hydroxycarboxylicacid salts and borate also serve as effective corrosion inhibitorsdespite the fact that the mixture contains less hydroxycarboxylic acidsalt and that borate is a corrosive agent. The mixtures ofhydroxycarboxylic acid salts and borate have the added benefit ofproviding much higher calcium sequestering properties compared to thehydroxycarboxylic acid salts alone (Table 4). The results of Table 2also illustrate the use of zinc glucarate in combination with sodiumborate as a corrosion inhibitor. Zinc salts are known corrosioninhibitors; however, the use of zinc glucarate is limited due to its lowwater solubility. The addition of borate increases the water solubilityof zinc glucarate and therefore improves the corrosion inhibitingproperties of the mixture.

Sodium aluminate alone is a corrosion inhibitor and mixtures withglucarate also show corrosion inhibiting properties. The mixtures,however, have the added advantage of high performance as calciumsequestering agents compared to either glucarate or aluminate alone(Table 4).

EXAMPLE 5 Preparation of Glucarate Mixture 1

Glucarate mixture 1 was prepared by the nitric acid oxidation of glucoseas described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,692,041. After removal of nitric acidfrom the oxidation mixture, the organic acid products were neutralizedwith sodium hydroxide to give glucarate mixture 1. The amounts of thesodium salts of glucaric acid, gluconic acid, and tartaric acid inglucarate mixture 1 are given in Table 3.

EXAMPLE 6 Preparation of Glucarate Mixture 2

Dextrose was oxidized and nitric acid was separated as described in U.S.Pat. No. 7,692,041. The resulting oxidation product mixture wasneutralized to a pH of 3.5 with aqueous potassium hydroxide whichproduced a precipitate. The solid precipitate was isolated byfiltration, and the filtrate was neutralized with aqueous sodiumhydroxide to a pH of 9 to give Glucarate mixture 2. The amounts of thesodium salts of glucaric acid, gluconic acid, and tartaric acid inglucarate mixture 2 are given in Table 3.

EXAMPLE 7 Preparation of Glucarate Mixture 3

Sodium gluconate (0.27 g) was added to glucarate mixture 2 (10.1 g, 20%w/w) to give glucarate mixture 3. The amounts of the sodium salts ofglucaric acid, gluconic acid, and tartaric acid in glucarate mixture 3are given in Table 3.

EXAMPLE 8 Corrosion Inhibition of Mixtures of Multiple HydroxycarboxylicAcid Salts and an Oxoacid Anion Salt

The effectiveness of mixtures of multiple hydroxycarboxylic acid saltsand oxoacid anion salts were tested in distilled water and in 3% sodiumchloride and the results were compared to mixtures of multiplehydroxycarboxylic acid salts without an oxoacid anion salt (Table 3).Corrosion inhibitor test solutions were prepared with either borax(sodium borate) or sodium aluminate, as the oxoacid anion salt componentand with glucarate mixtures 1-4 (see Example 5-7) as thehydroxycarboxylic acid salt component. In each case, the test solutionwas made basic with sodium hydroxide, and the total concentration ofcorrosion inhibitor in the test solution was 0.09%.

TABLE 3 Corrosion Inhibition of Mixtures of Multiple HydroxycarboxylicAcid Salts and Borate % % % Glucarate Gluconate Tartrate % OxoacidSample Salt Salt Salt Anion Salt MPY H₂0 0 0 0 0 3.28  Glucarate 60 25 50  1.13 ^(a) Mixture 1 Glucarate 48 20 4 20  0.45 ^(a) Mixture 1/ sodiumborate Glucarate 42 18 3.5 30  0.67 ^(a) Mixture 1/ sodium borateGlucarate 60 25 5 0 24.10 ^(b) Mixture 1 Glucarate 48 20 4 20 29.31 ^(b)Mixture 1/ sodium borate Glucarate 42 18 3.5 30 31.32 ^(b) Mixture 1/sodium aluminate Glucarate 50 30 6 0 27.06 ^(b) Mixture 2 Glucarate 4024 5 20 32.50 ^(b) Mixture 2/ sodium borate Glucarate 20 62 2 10 30.53^(b) Mixture 3/ sodium borate 3% NaCl 0 0 0 0 58.04   ^(a) Corrosionrate measured in distilled water. ^(b) Corrosion rate measured in 3%sodium chloride solution.

The results in Table 5 demonstrate the efficacy of mixtures ofhydroxycarboxylic acid salts including glucarate, gluconate, andtartrate as corrosion inhibitors. These results also demonstrate thesynergistic relationship between glucarate, gluconate, and tartrate withborate in solution. In general, mixtures with higher levels of glucarateperform better than those with less glucarate; however, glucaratemixture 1 showed improved corrosion inhibition in sodium chloridesolution compared to the solution of pure glucarate (Table 2). Further,the corrosion results for all solutions were similar to those obtainedby the pure glucarate solution, suggesting that the replacement of someof the glucarate with other hydroxycarboxylates such as gluconate andtartrate provides a useful alternative to corrosion inhibiting solutionscontaining pure glucarate. Even the solutions incorporating borateshowed similar efficacy for corrosion inhibition, which was surprisinggiven the fact that borate is known to be corrosive and that the levelof glucarate was reduced in these mixtures.

EXAMPLE 9 Calcium Sequestration Capacity

The calcium chelating ability of various compounds and mixtures wasdetermined by an established procedure (Wilham, 1971). Briefly, thesequestering agent (1.0 g dry weight) was dissolved in deionized waterand diluted to 50 mL. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 10 with 45%aqueous sodium hydroxide, followed by the addition of 2% aqueous sodiumoxalate (2 mL). The test solution was titrated to slight turbidity with1% aqueous calcium acetate. Each mL of 1% calcium acetate is equivalentto 6.32 mg of CaCO₃. Results from the sequestration tests are given inTable 4. It is evident from the results in Table 4 thathydroxycarboxylic acid salts alone are poor sequestering agents forcalcium given the low values for mg CaCO₃ per g of sequestering agent;however through the addition of suitable oxoacid anion salts such assodium borate, the sequestering capacity is greatly improved.

TABLE 4 Calcium Sequestration of Various Compounds and Compound Mixturesat pH 10 and 25° C. mg CaCO₃/g Sequestering Agent of compound 100%Sodium potassium D-glucarate (SPG)   25.6 100% Glucarate mixture 1  24.6 100% Glucarate mixture 2   38.9 100% Sodium borate   12.3 90%SPG/10% sodium borate 158 80% SPG/20% sodium borate 219 60% SPG/40%sodium borate 190 20% SPG/80% sodium borate   64.5 80% SPG/20% sodiumaluminate    303 ^(a) 70% SPG/30% sodium aluminate    315 ^(a) 90%Glucarate mixture 1/10% sodium borate 114 85% Glucarate mixture 1/15%sodium borate 145 80% Glucarate mixture 1/20% sodium borate 150 75%Glucarate mixture 1/25% sodium borate 138 70% Glucarate mixture 1/30%sodium borate 139 60% Glucarate mixture 1/40% sodium borate 129 20%Glucarate mixture 1/80% sodium borate   63.2 70% Glucarate mixture 1/30%sodium aluminate    235 ^(a) 80% Glucarate mixture 2/20% sodium borate140 60% Glucarate mixture 2/40% sodium borate 121 20% Glucarate mixture2/80% sodium borate   62.4 ^(a) Calcium sequestration measured at pH 11

1.-41. (canceled)
 42. A corrosion inhibiting composition for metalcomprising: about 50% to about 99% by weight of at least one salt of ahydroxycarboxylic acid; and about 1% to about 50% by weight of at leastone salt of an oxoacid anion, wherein the at least one salt of anoxoacid anion is sodium borate, potassium borate, disodium octaborate,sodium metaborate, sodium molybdate, potassium molybdate, sodiumaluminate, potassium aluminate, sodium stannate, potassium stannate,sodium germanate, potassium germanate, sodium antimonite, potassiumantimonite, or a combination thereof.
 43. The corrosion inhibitingcomposition of claim 42, wherein the at least one salt of ahydroxycarboxylic acid comprises about 30% to about 75% by weight of atleast one glucarate salt.
 44. The corrosion inhibiting composition ofclaim 42, wherein the at least one salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acidcomprises about 45% to about 55% by weight of at least one glucaratesalt.
 45. The corrosion inhibiting composition of claim 43, wherein theat least one salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid further comprises about 0%to about 20% by weight of at least one gluconate salt, about 0% to about10% by weight of at least one 5-keto-gluconate salt, about 0% to about10% by weight of at least one tartrate salt, about 0% to 10% by weightof at least one tartronate salt, and about 0% to 10% by weight of atleast one glycolate salt.
 46. The corrosion inhibiting composition ofclaim 42, wherein the composition comprises from about 70% to about 90%by weight of the at least one salt of hydroxycarboxylic acid.
 47. Thecorrosion inhibiting composition of claim 42, wherein the compositioncomprises from about 75% to about 85% by weight of the at least one saltof hydroxycarboxylic acid.
 48. The corrosion inhibiting composition ofclaim 42, wherein the composition comprises from about 10% to about 30%by weight of the at least one salt of an oxoacid anion.
 49. Thecorrosion inhibiting composition of claim 42, wherein the compositioncomprises from about 15% to about 25% by weight of the at least one saltof an oxoacid anion.
 50. A detergent composition comprising: about 50%to about 99% by weight of at least one salt of a hydroxycarboxylic acid;and about 1% to about 50% by weight of at least one salt of an oxoacidanion, wherein the at least one salt of an oxoacid anion is sodiumborate, potassium borate, disodium octaborate, sodium metaborate, sodiummolybdate, potassium molybdate, sodium aluminate, potassium aluminate,sodium stannate, potassium stannate, sodium germanate, potassiumgermanate, sodium antimonite, potassium antimonite, or a combinationthereof.
 51. A corrosion inhibiting composition for metal comprising:about 50% to about 99% by weight of at least one salt of ahydroxycarboxylic acid; and about 1% to about 50% by weight of at leastone salt of an oxoacid anion, wherein the at least one salt of ahydroxycarboxylic acid comprises a salt of glucaric acid, a salt ofxylaric acid, a salt of galactaric acid, or combinations thereof. 52.The corrosion inhibiting composition of claim 51, wherein the at leastone salt of an oxoacid anion is sodium borate, potassium borate,disodium octaborate, sodium metaborate, sodium molybdate, potassiummolybdate, sodium aluminate, potassium aluminate, sodium stannate,potassium stannate, sodium germanate, potassium germanate, sodiumantimonite, potassium antimonite, or a combination thereof.
 53. Thecorrosion inhibiting composition of claim 51, wherein the salt ofglucaric acid comprises disodium glucarate, sodium potassium glucarate,dipotassium glucarate, zinc glucarate, diammonium glucarate, orcombinations thereof.
 54. The corrosion inhibiting composition of claim51, wherein the composition comprises from about 30% to about 80% byweight of the salt of glucaric acid and from about 5% to about 40% byweight of the at least one salt of an oxoacid anion.
 55. The corrosioninhibiting composition of claim 51, wherein the salt of xylaric acidcomprises disodium xylarate, sodium potassium xylarate, dipotassiumxylarate, zinc xylarate, diammonium xylarate, or combinations thereof.56. The corrosion inhibiting composition of claim 51, wherein thecomposition comprises from about 15% to about 80% by weight of the saltof xylaric acid and from about 5% to about 40% by weight of the at leastone salt of an oxoacid anion.
 57. The corrosion inhibiting compositionof claim 51, wherein the salt of galactaric acid comprises dipotassiumgalactarate, disodium galactarate, sodium potassium galactarate, zincgalactarate, diammonium galactarate, or combinations thereof.
 58. Thecorrosion inhibiting composition of claim 51, wherein the compositioncomprises from about 15% to about 80% by weight of the salt ofgalactaric acid and from about 5% to about 40% by weight of the at leastone salt of an oxoacid anion.
 59. A detergent composition comprising:about 50% to about 99% by weight of at least one salt of ahydroxycarboxylic acid; and about 1% to about 50% by weight of at leastone salt of an oxoacid anion, wherein the at least one salt of ahydroxycarboxylic acid comprises a salt of glucaric acid, a salt ofxylaric acid, a salt of galactaric acid, or combinations thereof.